Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics — Volume 58, 2026
Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics — Volume 58, 2026
期刊: Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics（流体力学年鉴）
卷号: Volume 58
出版日期: 2026年1月
来源: https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/fluid/58/1
目录 / Table of Contents
| 序号 | 英文标题 | 页码 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Introduction | v–v |
| 2 | Formation and Evolution of Planetary Stagnant Lids and Crusts | 1–28 |
| 3 | Electromagnetically Forced Flows in Shallow Electrolyte Layers | 29–53 |
| 4 | The Dynamics of Sand Dunes | 55–81 |
| 5 | Secondary Atomization of Droplets at Extreme Conditions | 83–110 |
| 6 | Capillary Drainage in Horizontal Soap Films: Theoretical Review and Experimental Illustrations | 111–138 |
| 7 | Aircraft Icing: Modeling and Simulation | 139–165 |
| 8 | Flexible Fibers in Turbulence | 167–192 |
| 9 | Urban Fluid Mechanics, Resilience, and Sustainability | 193–219 |
| 10 | Filtration in Pore Networks | 221–244 |
| 11 | Snow Settling in Atmospheric Turbulence | 245–274 |
| 12 | Pattern Formation and Instabilities in Particulate Suspensions | 275–300 |
| 13 | Laboratory Experiments in Geophysical and Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics | 301–329 |
| 14 | Fluid Mechanics of Blood Cells and Vesicles Squeezing Through Narrow Constrictions | 331–354 |
| 15 | The Fluid Mechanics of Ocean Microplastics | 355–382 |
| 16 | Internal Waves in a Nonuniformly Stratified Ocean | 383–411 |
| 17 | Fluid Mechanics Challenges in Direct-Ink-Writing Additive Manufacturing | 413–442 |
| 18 | Fluid Deformation and Mixing in Porous Media as Drivers for Chemical and Biological Processes | 443–471 |
| 19 | The Role of Canopy Turbulence in Wildland Fire Behavior | 473–502 |
| 20 | Fluid Mechanics for Green Buildings | 503–524 |
1. Introduction / 引言
Authors / 作者: Jonathan B. Freund, Howard A. Stone
Affiliations / 单位: 未在文章页面明确列出（Jonathan B. Freund 隶属伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校；Howard A. Stone 隶属普林斯顿大学）
Pages / 页码: Vol. 58, pp. v–v
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-fluid-090425-114005
Abstract
本文为卷首引言，无摘要。
摘要（中文）
本文为第58卷的卷首引言，由编者撰写，无独立摘要。
2. Formation and Evolution of Planetary Stagnant Lids and Crusts / 行星停滞盖层和地壳的形成与演化
Authors / 作者: Chloé Michaut¹, Anne Davaille², Stéphane Labrosse¹
Affiliations / 单位:
- ¹ Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Lyon, France（法国里昂，里昂高等师范学校，里昂一大，法国国家科学研究中心）
- ² Laboratoire FAST, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France（法国奥尔赛，FAST实验室，法国国家科学研究中心，巴黎萨克雷大学）
Pages / 页码: Vol. 58, pp. 1–28
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-fluid-112723-055048
Abstract
Earth is the only known planet with plate tectonics, which involves a mobile upper thermal boundary layer. Other terrestrial planets show a one-plate immobile lithosphere, or stagnant lid, that insulates and isolates their interior. Here, we first review the different types of lids that can develop on rocky and icy bodies. As they formed by accretion, involving high-energy impacts, terrestrial planets likely started hot and molten. We examine the process of lid initiation from a magma ocean stage and develop the equations for lid growth. We survey how lateral perturbations in lid and crust thickness can be amplified during their growth and finally discuss the possible processes at the origin of lid rupture and plate generation.
摘要（中文）
地球是已知唯一存在板块构造的行星，其特征是具有一个可移动的上部热边界层。其他类地行星则表现为单板块不可移动的岩石圈，即”停滞盖层”，该盖层将其内部与外界隔绝并保温。本文首先综述了可在岩石和冰质天体上发育的不同类型盖层。由于行星通过吸积形成，涉及高能撞击事件，类地行星很可能以高温熔融状态起始。我们研究了从岩浆海洋阶段开始的盖层启动过程，并推导了盖层生长的方程。我们考察了盖层和地壳厚度中的横向扰动如何在生长过程中被放大，最后讨论了盖层破裂和板块生成的可能过程。
3. Electromagnetically Forced Flows in Shallow Electrolyte Layers / 浅层电解液中的电磁驱动流动
Authors / 作者: Sergio Cuevas¹, Sergey A. Suslov², Aldo Figueroa³
Affiliations / 单位:
- ¹ Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Temixco, México（墨西哥特米斯科，墨西哥国立自治大学，可再生能源研究所）
- ² Department of Mathematics, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia（澳大利亚维多利亚州霍桑，斯威本科技大学，数学系）
- ³ Secihti-Centro de Investigación en Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, México（墨西哥库埃纳瓦卡，莫雷洛斯州自治大学，科学研究中心）
Pages / 页码: Vol. 58, pp. 29–53
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-fluid-112723-051243
Abstract
Electromagnetically forced flows in shallow electrolyte layers offer a versatile and nonintrusive method for exploring quasi-two-dimensional fluid dynamics. This review focuses on the experimental and theoretical aspects of such flows driven by Lorentz forces generated by the interaction of injected electric currents and the applied magnetic fields. The method is applicable to both liquid metals and electrolytes, with the latter more commonly used due to their wide availability and ease of handling. Experimental aspects of the method and key components of mathematical flow analysis are discussed. Initially developed for geophysical flow modeling, the method has been instrumental in exploring various other physical phenomena including vortex and wake dynamics, spatiotemporal chaos, and mixing processes. The review also addresses the challenges of achieving true two-dimensionality in laboratory settings and discusses the influence of various parameters, such as layer thickness and forcing intensity, on the flow behavior. Future research directions in the field are highlighted.
摘要（中文）
浅层电解液中的电磁驱动流动提供了一种灵活且非侵入式的方法来研究准二维流体动力学。本综述聚焦于此类由洛伦兹力驱动的流动的实验和理论方面，该洛伦兹力由注入电流与外加磁场的相互作用产生。该方法适用于液态金属和电解质，后者因其广泛的可获得性和易于操作而更常使用。文章讨论了该方法的实验方面和数学流动分析的关键组成部分。该方法最初为地球物理流动模拟而开发，已在探索其他多种物理现象中发挥了重要作用，包括涡旋和尾流动力学、时空混沌以及混合过程。综述还讨论了在实验室条件下实现真正二维性的挑战，并分析了层厚和驱动力强度等参数对流动行为的影响。最后展望了该领域的未来研究方向。
4. The Dynamics of Sand Dunes / 沙丘动力学
Authors / 作者: Nathalie M. Vriend¹, Karol A. Bacik²
Affiliations / 单位:
- ¹ Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA（美国科罗拉多州博尔德，科罗拉多大学博尔德分校，机械工程系）
- ² Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA（美国马萨诸塞州剑桥，麻省理工学院，数学系）
Pages / 页码: Vol. 58, pp. 55–81
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-fluid-112723-062843
Abstract
Sand dunes cover 5% of Earth’s land surface, and they abundantly populate river bottoms and seabeds. The subtle dynamical interplay between the granular matter and the overlaying fluid leads to rich phenomenology at different scales, from colliding grains through migrating sand dunes to slowly evolving dune fields. In this review, we survey recent developments in the literature on the dynamics of sand dunes and focus in particular on the physics and mathematics. Our discussion is organized around four central paradigms of the field: flat bed instability, single dune migration, dune–dune interactions, and dune field statistics. Besides discussing the key scientific advances, we also highlight the methodological advances in observations, experiments, and simulations that facilitated them. We conclude our review by discussing the social implications of dune dynamics, such as the interaction between dune and infrastructure, and we offer speculation on what research topics related to sand dunes might become important in the next decade.
摘要（中文）
沙丘覆盖了地球陆地表面的5%，并大量分布于河床和海底。颗粒物质与上覆流体之间微妙的动力学相互作用导致了不同尺度上的丰富现象，从颗粒碰撞到迁移的沙丘，再到缓慢演化的沙丘场。本综述回顾了沙丘动力学文献的最新进展，特别关注物理和数学方面。我们的讨论围绕该领域的四个核心范式展开：平坦床面不稳定性、单个沙丘迁移、沙丘间的相互作用以及沙丘场统计。除了讨论关键的科学进展外，我们还强调了促成这些进展的观测、实验和模拟方面的方法论进步。最后，我们讨论了沙丘动力学的社会影响（如沙丘与基础设施之间的相互作用），并对未来十年沙丘相关研究的重要方向进行了展望。
5. Secondary Atomization of Droplets at Extreme Conditions / 极端条件下的液滴二次雾化
Authors / 作者: Saini Jatin Rao¹, Saptarshi Basu¹
Affiliations / 单位:
- ¹ Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India（印度班加罗尔，印度理工学院，机械工程系）
Pages / 页码: Vol. 58, pp. 83–110
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-fluid-112823-115348
Abstract
Droplets, which are ubiquitous in nature, are formed through intriguing processes, and one such route is air-assisted atomization or aerobreakup. This review focuses on secondary atomization, particularly the breakup of an individual droplet subjected to high-speed flows. This process involves complex interfacial dynamics with multiscale deformations, ranging from global flattening to local unstable waves. The deformations occur at progressively smaller scales while interacting with the surrounding gas phase, forming a nonlinear cascade. Each local undulation serves as a precursor to a self-similar evolution or subsecondary breakup process that ends with a ligament-mediated mechanism. In practical scenarios, droplets often encounter nonuniform, unsteady, impulsive, or compressible flows, like shock waves, which pose extreme conditions. The spatiotemporal scales of the nonuniformity or unsteadiness of the external flow must be comparable with the drop deformation scales at either global or local levels to influence aerobreakup that cascades across hierarchical deformation scales. The compressible effects at high Mach numbers are interestingly shown to suppress the tendency toward breakup.
摘要（中文）
液滴在自然界中无处不在，通过多种有趣的过程形成，其中一种途径是气体辅助雾化或气动破碎。本综述聚焦于二次雾化，特别是单个液滴在高速气流作用下的破碎过程。该过程涉及复杂的界面动力学和多重尺度变形，从全局扁平化到局部不稳定波。变形在逐步减小的尺度上发生，同时与周围气相相互作用，形成非线性级联。每次局部波动都是自相似演化或亚二次破碎过程的前兆，最终以韧带介导的机制结束。在实际场景中，液滴经常遭遇非均匀、非定常、脉冲式或可压缩流动（如激波），构成极端条件。外部流动的非均匀性或非定常性的时空尺度必须与液滴变形尺度在全局或局部层面相当，才能影响跨层级变形尺度的气动破碎级联。有趣的是，高马赫数下的可压缩效应被证明会抑制破碎趋势。
6. Capillary Drainage in Horizontal Soap Films: Theoretical Review and Experimental Illustrations / 水平皂膜中的毛细排液：理论综述与实验演示
Authors / 作者: Isabelle Cantat¹,², Savinien Pertant¹, Christophe Raufaste²,³, Emmanuelle Rio⁴
Affiliations / 单位:
- ¹ Université de Rennes, CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes) - UMR 6251, Rennes, France（法国雷恩，雷恩大学，法国国家科学研究中心，雷恩物理研究所）
- ² Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France（法国巴黎，大学研究院）
- ³ Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, INPHYNI, Nice, France（法国尼斯，蔚蓝海岸大学，法国国家科学研究中心，尼斯物理研究所）
- ⁴ Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Orsay, France（法国奥尔赛，巴黎萨克雷大学，法国国家科学研究中心，固体物理实验室）
Pages / 页码: Vol. 58, pp. 111–138
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-fluid-100224-111138
Abstract
Soap films and bubbles are inherently unstable systems that evolve over time. Their thickness is primarily governed by the competition between capillary and viscous forces. The presence of surfactants introduces Marangoni stresses, which limit interfacial extension and significantly increase film lifetime. While the bulk flow is typically well-described by a simple Poiseuille profile between the two interfaces, the interfacial dynamics can induce complex behaviors, even in the simple case of horizontal film drainage, which is used as a paradigmatic example in this review. The interfacial velocity is dictated by the thickness gradients and by the interfacial rheology, which, in many practical cases, reduces to the condition of an incompressible interface. This simplified framework allows for analytical predictions and scaling laws in axisymmetric flows. It is also consistent with the spontaneous symmetry breaking that may be observed in horizontal films—a phenomenon associated with the marginal regeneration process, which remains only partially understood. This review presents the most elementary theoretical frameworks capable of capturing the essential features of these flows and provides quantitative comparisons with available experimental data.
摘要（中文）
皂膜和气泡本质上是随时间演化的不稳定系统。其厚度主要由毛细力和黏性力之间的竞争决定。表面活性剂的存在引入了马兰戈尼应力，限制了界面扩展并显著延长了膜寿命。虽然体相流动通常可以很好地用两个界面之间的简单泊肃叶剖面来描述，但界面动力学即使在水平膜排液这一简单情况下（本综述将其作为范例）也会引发复杂行为。界面速度由厚度梯度和界面流变学决定，在许多实际情况中，后者可简化为不可压缩界面条件。这一简化框架允许在轴对称流动中进行分析预测和标度律推导。它也与水平膜中可能观察到的自发对称性破缺现象一致——该现象与边缘再生过程相关，目前仍只有部分被理解。本综述介绍了能够捕捉这些流动基本特征的最基本理论框架，并与现有实验数据进行了定量比较。
7. Aircraft Icing: Modeling and Simulation / 飞机结冰：建模与模拟
Authors / 作者: Alberto Guardone¹, Tommaso Bellosta¹, Alessandro Donizetti¹, Mariachiara Gallia²
Affiliations / 单位:
- ¹ Department of Aerospace Science and Technology, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy（意大利米兰，米兰理工大学，航空航天科学与技术系）
- ² Institut für Strömungsmechanik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany（德国不伦瑞克，不伦瑞克工业大学，流体力学研究所）
Pages / 页码: Vol. 58, pp. 139–165
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-fluid-112723-062537
Abstract
In-flight ice accretion poses a major safety concern in aviation. It occurs due to the icing from clouds of supercooled water droplets, the accumulation of ice crystals at high altitudes, or snow buildup. Assessing the detrimental effects of ice accretion on aircraft performance and handling qualities is a complex, multidisciplinary task, as it requires modeling the dynamics of the dispersed phase (water droplets, ice crystals, and snowflakes), the particle impact dynamics and its interaction with the aircraft surfaces, the liquid film dynamics, the solidification process, and possibly ice shedding. The ice protection systems must also be modeled. The present review addresses the status of ice accretion models and simulation tools. The intrinsically stochastic nature of ice accretion, combined with substantial operational and modeling uncertainties, makes it challenging to validate these tools against experimental observations and use simulation as a reliable means of compliance for certification in icing conditions, especially for innovative aircraft configurations such as wing-body and advanced urban air mobility vehicles.
摘要（中文）
飞行中积冰是航空领域的一个重大安全隐患。它由过冷水滴云团、高海拔冰晶积聚或积雪引起。评估积冰对飞机性能和操纵品质的不利影响是一项复杂的多学科任务，需要对分散相（水滴、冰晶和雪花）动力学、颗粒撞击动力学及其与飞机表面的相互作用、液膜动力学、凝固过程以及可能的脱冰进行建模。冰防护系统也必须被建模。本综述讨论了积冰模型和模拟工具的现状。积冰本质上具有随机性，加上大量的操作和建模不确定性，使得验证这些工具与实验观测的一致性、将模拟作为结冰条件下适航认证的可靠手段变得具有挑战性，特别是对于翼身融合和先进城市空中交通飞行器等创新构型飞机。
8. Flexible Fibers in Turbulence / 湍流中的柔性纤维
Authors / 作者: Cristian Marchioli¹, Marco Edoardo Rosti², Gautier Verhille³
Affiliations / 单位:
- ¹ Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Udine, Udine, Italy（意大利乌迪内，乌迪内大学，工程与建筑系）
- ² Complex Fluids and Flows Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan（日本冲绳，冲绳科学技术大学院大学，复杂流体与流动单元）
- ³ Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Méditerranée, IRPHE, Marseille, France（法国马赛，艾克斯-马赛大学，法国国家科学研究中心，地中海中央理工，IRPHE研究所）
Pages / 页码: Vol. 58, pp. 167–192
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-fluid-112723-050451
Abstract
In this article, we review recent progress in the fundamental understanding of the motion of flexible fibers in a turbulent flow, made through multiscale experiments and simulations. Emphasis is given to problems involving flexible fibers that can be conveniently described with discrete and continuum models closely related to the slender body theory. Current state-of-the-art measurement and simulation methods, including optical techniques, Euler–Lagrange approaches for tracking large swarms of fibers, and recent methodologies for simulating finite-size fibers, are discussed. The capabilities of simulations and experiments are surveyed in connection with the current physical understanding of how flexible fibers interact with the full spectrum of length scales and timescales of turbulence. We review the phenomenological and statistical features of fiber dispersion and spatial distribution. We also discuss the relevant aspects of fiber rotation and deformation, highlighting their connection with mechanisms such as fragmentation and turbulence modulation, which are known to exhibit peculiar features in the case of flexible fibers. We conclude our analysis by providing an outlook on future research direction paths, open methodological issues, and expected advances, in particular those associated with the study of flexible particles in a broader sense.
摘要（中文）
本文综述了通过多尺度实验和模拟在理解湍流中柔性纤维运动方面的最新进展。重点讨论了可用与细长体理论密切相关的离散和连续模型方便描述的柔性纤维问题。文章讨论了当前最先进的测量和模拟方法，包括光学技术、用于追踪大量纤维群的欧拉-拉格朗日方法，以及模拟有限尺寸纤维的最新方法论。综述了模拟和实验在与当前对柔性纤维如何与湍流全尺度（长度和时间尺度）相互作用的物理理解相关方面的能力。我们回顾了纤维弥散和空间分布的现象学和统计特征。还讨论了纤维旋转和变形的相关方面，强调了它们与破碎和湍流调制等机制的联系——这些机制在柔性纤维情况下表现出独特的特征。最后，我们展望了未来研究方向、开放的方法论问题以及预期进展，特别是与更广义的柔性粒子研究相关的进展。
9. Urban Fluid Mechanics, Resilience, and Sustainability / 城市流体力学、韧性与可持续性
Authors / 作者: Catherine Gorlé¹
Affiliations / 单位:
- ¹ Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA（美国加利福尼亚州斯坦福，斯坦福大学，土木与环境工程系）
Pages / 页码: Vol. 58, pp. 193–219
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-fluid-100224-111114
Abstract
This review first examines how urban wind flow impacts the sustainability and resilience of cities and identifies the three main challenges in predictive modeling of urban flows: the complexity of the flow physics, the variability and uncertainty in the flow conditions, and the diversity and multiscale nature of urban geometries. To review the complexity of the flow physics, the typical flow patterns observed in canonical urban flows are summarized, and related modeling challenges and opportunities in both wind tunnel experiments and simulations are highlighted. Next, opportunities to predict realistic urban flows by addressing the other challenges are explored through the lens of a modeling framework with uncertainty quantification. The important role of field measurements, supporting the more accurate characterization of uncertainties in the flow conditions, as well as enabling validation with real-world data, is emphasized. The review concludes with two specific examples that demonstrate how integrated use of field measurements and computational models can improve the understanding and modeling of real urban flows to ultimately support sustainable development goals for urban areas.
摘要（中文）
本综述首先考察了城市风场如何影响城市的可持续性和韧性，并指出了城市流动预测建模的三个主要挑战：流动物理的复杂性、流动条件的变异性和不确定性，以及城市几何形状的多样性和多尺度性质。为回顾流动物理的复杂性，文章总结了典型城市流动中观察到的典型流动模式，并强调了风洞实验和模拟中相关的建模挑战与机遇。接下来，通过带有不确定性量化的建模框架，探索了通过解决其他挑战来预测真实城市流动的途径。文章强调了现场测量的重要作用——它支持更准确地表征流动条件中的不确定性，同时实现与真实世界数据的验证。综述以两个具体示例结尾，展示了现场测量和计算模型的综合使用如何增进对真实城市流动的理解和建模，最终支持城市地区的可持续发展目标。
10. Filtration in Pore Networks / 孔隙网络中的过滤
Authors / 作者: Linda J. Cummings¹, Binan Gu², Lou Kondic¹
Affiliations / 单位:
- ¹ Department of Mathematical Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, USA（美国新泽西州纽瓦克，新泽西理工学院，数学科学系）
- ² Department of Mathematical Sciences, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA（美国马萨诸塞州伍斯特，伍斯特理工学院，数学科学系）
Pages / 页码: Vol. 58, pp. 221–244
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-fluid-112723-054759
Abstract
In liquid filtration, a particulate-laden feed solution is passed through a porous material (the filter), often a membrane, designed to capture the particulate matter. Usually, the filter has a complex interior structure of interconnected pores, through which the feed passes, and in many cases of interest, it may be reasonable to approximate this interior structure as a network of interconnected tubes. This idea, which dates back about 70 years, greatly simplifies the modeling and simulation of the filtration process. In this article, we review the use of networks as a framework for modeling and investigating filtration, describing the key ideas and milestones. We also discuss some promising areas for future development of this field, particularly concerning the design of next-generation filters.
摘要（中文）
在液体过滤中，含颗粒的进料溶液通过多孔材料（即过滤器，通常是膜）被输送，该材料旨在捕获颗粒物质。通常，过滤器具有由互联孔隙组成的复杂内部结构，进料通过这些孔隙流动。在许多感兴趣的情况下，将这一内部结构近似为互联管道网络是合理的。这一可追溯约70年的想法极大地简化了过滤过程的建模和模拟。本文综述了将网络作为建模和研究过滤的框架的使用，描述了关键思想和里程碑。我们还讨论了该领域未来发展的有前景方向，特别是关于下一代过滤器的设计。
11. Snow Settling in Atmospheric Turbulence / 大气湍流中的雪花沉降
Authors / 作者: Michele Guala¹,², Jiarong Hong²,³
Affiliations / 单位:
- ¹ Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA（美国明尼苏达州明尼阿波利斯，明尼苏达大学，土木、环境与地质工程系）
- ² St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA（美国明尼苏达州明尼阿波利斯，明尼苏达大学，圣安东尼瀑布实验室）
- ³ Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA（美国明尼苏达州明尼阿波利斯，明尼苏达大学，机械工程系）
Pages / 页码: Vol. 58, pp. 245–274
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-fluid-112823-104356
Abstract
The objective of this contribution is to review more than 80 years of experimental measurements of the settling of snow particles and surrogates in natural and laboratory settings and suggest viable directions for future research. Under the broad category of frozen hydrometeors, snow particles are characterized by a variety of shapes and inertial properties that we broadly refer to as snow morphology attributes and depend on the micrometeorology of the air column, including temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and turbulence. The uncertainty in the prediction of snow settling velocity is partly due to the significant variability in snow crystal shape, density, and drag properties, as well as the modulating effect of ambient turbulence, which has been observed to affect particle orientation and falling style and enhance or reduce the terminal velocity, as compared to quiescent flow conditions. Because of the complexity of finite-size, nonspherical particles’ interaction with turbulent flows at high Reynolds numbers, we stress the need for simultaneous flow and snow morphology measurements in the field and we review past and current experimental techniques and methodologies.
摘要（中文）
本文旨在综述80多年来在自然和实验室条件下对雪花颗粒及其替代物沉降的实验测量，并提出未来研究的可行方向。在冷冻水凝物的广义类别下，雪花颗粒具有多种形状和惯性特性，我们将其统称为”雪形态学属性”，这些属性取决于气柱的微气象学条件，包括温度、相对湿度、风速和湍流。雪花沉降速度预测的不确定性部分源于雪晶形状、密度和阻力的显著变异性，以及环境湍流的调制效应——观测表明，与静流条件相比，湍流会影响颗粒取向和下落方式，并增大或减小终端沉降速度。由于有限尺寸非球形颗粒在高雷诺数下与湍流相互作用的复杂性，我们强调需要在野外同时进行流动和雪形态学测量，并回顾了过去和现在的实验技术和方法。
12. Pattern Formation and Instabilities in Particulate Suspensions / 颗粒悬浮液中的图案形成与不稳定性
Authors / 作者: Marc A. Fardin¹, Thibaut Divoux²,³, Sungyon Lee⁴, Irmgard Bischofberger⁵
Affiliations / 单位:
- ¹ Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France（法国巴黎，巴黎西岱大学，法国国家科学研究中心，雅克·莫诺研究所）
- ² Laboratoire de Physique, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France（法国里昂，里昂高等师范学校，法国国家科学研究中心，物理实验室）
- ³ International Research Laboratory, CNRS, Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, French American Center for Theoretical Science, Santa Barbara, California, USA（美国加利福尼亚州圣巴巴拉，法国国家科学研究中心国际研究实验室，卡弗里理论物理研究所，法美理论科学中心）
- ⁴ Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA（美国明尼苏达州明尼阿波利斯，明尼苏达大学，机械工程系）
- ⁵ Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA（美国马萨诸塞州剑桥，麻省理工学院，机械工程系）
Pages / 页码: Vol. 58, pp. 275–300
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-fluid-100224-111041
Abstract
Particulate suspensions, consisting of solid particles dispersed in a fluid, exhibit complex flow behaviors influenced by multiple factors, including particle interactions, concentration gradients, and external forces. Suspensions play an important role in diverse processes, from sediment transport to food processing, and display instabilities triggered by shear-driven effects, frictional interactions, and viscous forces. These instabilities can often be understood by identifying the key mechanical quantities that govern the dynamics. Following hydrodynamic tradition, such mechanics can be characterized by dimensionless numbers, which encapsulate the interplay between geometric, kinematic, and mechanical factors. Many of these numbers represent competitions between opposing pairs of mechanical quantities, which we discuss in detail while also considering a few phenomena that require more complex combinations. By emphasizing the underlying mechanical principles, this review provides a perspective for understanding pattern formation and flow instabilities in confined particulate suspensions across different flow geometries.
摘要（中文）
颗粒悬浮液由分散在流体中的固体颗粒组成，表现出受多种因素影响的复杂流动行为，包括颗粒相互作用、浓度梯度和外力。悬浮液在从沉积物输运到食品加工等多种过程中发挥重要作用，并表现出由剪切驱动效应、摩擦相互作用和黏性力触发的不稳定性。这些不稳定性通常可以通过识别控制动力学的关键力学量来理解。遵循流体力学传统，这类力学可以用无量纲数来表征，这些无量纲数封装了几何、运动学和力学因素之间的相互作用。其中许多无量纲数代表对立力学量对之间的竞争，我们对此进行了详细讨论，同时也考虑了一些需要更复杂组合的现象。通过强调基本力学原理，本综述为理解不同流动几何中受限颗粒悬浮液的图案形成和流动不稳定性提供了一个视角。
13. Laboratory Experiments in Geophysical and Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics / 地球物理与天体物理流体力学中的实验室实验
Authors / 作者: Michael Le Bars¹, Daphné Lemasquerier²
Affiliations / 单位:
- ¹ CNRS, Aix Marseille University, Centrale Méditerranée, IRPHE, Marseille, France（法国马赛，法国国家科学研究中心，艾克斯-马赛大学，地中海中央理工，IRPHE研究所）
- ² School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom（英国圣安德鲁斯，圣安德鲁斯大学，数学与统计学院）
Pages / 页码: Vol. 58, pp. 301–329
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-fluid-112723-053838
Abstract
Geophysical and astrophysical fluid dynamics (GAFD) is an interdisciplinary field. It encompasses a wide range of fluid systems, from planetary atmospheres and the oceans of Earth and icy moons to the interiors of telluric planets, giant planets, and stars. It also spans vast timescales and space scales. Despite this diversity, GAFD is built on common challenges in fundamental fluid mechanics, requiring a multi-approach strategy that integrates theory, simulations, and experiments to explain observations. This review highlights the role of laboratory experiments in GAFD. We first emphasize recent advances in experimental design, methods, and metrology, including large-scale facilities as well as innovative and analog setups. We then focus on two areas where experiments have driven recent breakthroughs: rotating turbulence and flows involving multiphase and phase-change processes. Finally, we discuss emerging challenges and the potential of outreach experiments to stimulate interest in fluid mechanics among students and the public.
摘要（中文）
地球物理与天体物理流体力学（GAFD）是一个交叉学科领域。它涵盖了广泛的流体系统，从行星大气、地球和冰质卫星的海洋到类地行星、巨行星和恒星的内部。它还跨越了巨大的时间尺度和空间尺度。尽管具有多样性，GAFD建立在流体力学基本问题上的共同挑战之上，需要整合理论、模拟和实验的多方法策略来解释观测结果。本综述突出了实验室实验在GAFD中的作用。我们首先强调了实验设计、方法和计量学方面的最新进展，包括大型设施以及创新和类比实验装置。然后聚焦于实验推动近期突破的两个领域：旋转湍流和涉及多相及相变过程的流动。最后，我们讨论了新兴挑战以及科普实验在激发学生和公众对流体力学兴趣方面的潜力。
14. Fluid Mechanics of Blood Cells and Vesicles Squeezing Through Narrow Constrictions / 血细胞和囊泡挤过狭窄约束通道的流体力学
Authors / 作者: Zhangli Peng¹, Annie Viallat², Yuan-Nan Young³
Affiliations / 单位:
- ¹ Center for Bioinformatics and Quantitative Biology, Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA（美国伊利诺伊州芝加哥，伊利诺伊大学芝加哥分校，生物信息与定量生物学中心，Richard and Loan Hill生物医学工程系）
- ² CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France（法国马赛，法国国家科学研究中心，艾克斯-马赛大学）
- ³ Department of Mathematical Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, USA（美国新泽西州纽瓦克，新泽西理工学院，数学科学系）
Pages / 页码: Vol. 58, pp. 331–354
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-fluid-112723-052727
Abstract
The squeezing of blood cells and vesicles through narrow constrictions, such as splenic slits, pulmonary capillaries, vascular endothelial gaps, and microfluidic channels, is crucial in physiology and biotechnology, with fluid mechanics playing a central role. The diverse geometries of these constrictions, the associated flow conditions, and the unique mechanical properties of cells and vesicles create a rich subject in fluid mechanics emerging from nonlinear dynamics of fluid–structure interactions involving both lubrication and Marangoni flows. Advances in microfluidics, video microscopy, and computational modeling have enabled investigations into these complex processes. This review surveys the key features and approaches, recent prominent studies, and unresolved challenges related to these processes, offering insights for researchers across biomechanics, biomedical engineering, biological physics, hematology, physiology, and applied mathematics.
摘要（中文）
血细胞和囊泡挤过狭窄约束通道（如脾脏裂隙、肺毛细血管、血管内皮间隙和微流控通道）在生理学和生物技术中至关重要，其中流体力学发挥着核心作用。这些约束通道的多样几何形状、相关的流动条件以及细胞和囊泡独特的力学性质，创造了一个丰富的流体力学课题，该课题源于涉及润滑流动和马兰戈尼流动的流固耦合非线性动力学。微流控、视频显微和计算建模的进步使对这些复杂过程的深入研究成为可能。本综述调查了与这些过程相关的关键特征和方法、近期重要研究以及未解决的挑战，为生物力学、生物医学工程、生物物理学、血液学、生理学和应用数学领域的研究者提供了洞见。
15. The Fluid Mechanics of Ocean Microplastics / 海洋微塑料的流体力学
Authors / 作者: Michelle H. DiBenedetto¹
Affiliations / 单位:
- ¹ Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA（美国新泽西州普林斯顿，普林斯顿大学，机械与航空航天工程系）
Pages / 页码: Vol. 58, pp. 355–382
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-fluid-120423-012604
Abstract
Microplastic pollution is now ubiquitous in marine environments, posing risks to ecosystem and human health. In order to assess and mitigate this threat, we require accurate prediction of microplastic fate and transport in the ocean. While progress has been made studying global-scale transport pathways, our models often fall short at smaller scales; processes such as vertical transport, horizontal dispersion, particle transformation, and boundary fluxes (e.g., at beaches and the air–sea interface) remain poorly understood. The difficulty lies in the physical features of plastic particles: namely, near-neutral buoyancy in seawater, finite size, and irregular shape. These complexities are compounded by the multiscale forcing from waves and turbulence near the ocean surface where microplastics tend to reside. This review synthesizes recent advances in the fluid dynamics of marine plastic transport, emphasizing the role of fluid–particle interactions in ocean flows and highlighting outstanding challenges.
摘要（中文）
微塑料污染如今在海洋环境中已无处不在，对生态系统和人类健康构成威胁。为了评估和缓解这一威胁，我们需要准确预测微塑料在海洋中的归宿和输运。虽然在研究全球尺度输运路径方面已取得进展，但我们的模型在更小尺度上常常不足；垂直输运、水平弥散、颗粒转化和边界通量（如在海滩和海-气界面处）等过程仍知之甚少。困难在于塑料颗粒的物理特征：即在海水中近乎中性浮力、有限尺寸和不规则形状。这些复杂性因微塑料倾向于聚集的海面附近波浪和湍流的多尺度强迫而加剧。本综述综合了海洋塑料输运流体力学方面的最新进展，强调了流体-颗粒相互作用在海洋流动中的作用，并突出了尚未解决的挑战。
16. Internal Waves in a Nonuniformly Stratified Ocean / 非均匀层化海洋中的内波
Authors / 作者: Manikandan Mathur¹, Jithendra Raju Nadimpalli¹,², Eric A. D’Asaro¹,³
Affiliations / 单位:
- ¹ Department of Aerospace Engineering and Geophysical Flows Lab, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India（印度钦奈，印度理工学院马德拉斯分校，航空航天工程系与地球物理流动实验室）
- ² Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia（沙特阿拉伯图沃，阿卜杜拉国王科技大学，物理科学与工程学部）
- ³ Applied Physics Laboratory and School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA（美国华盛顿州西雅图，华盛顿大学，应用物理实验室与海洋学院）
Pages / 页码: Vol. 58, pp. 383–411
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-fluid-100224-110920
Abstract
Internal waves, generated by wind and tides, are ubiquitous in the ocean. Their dissipation and the resulting vertical mixing play an important role in setting the ocean circulation, stratification, and energetics. Ocean models usually parameterize many or all of these effects. The current generation of parameterizations often relies on assumptions of uniform or slowly varying stratification profiles. Here, we review the growing theoretical, modeling, and observational evidence that vertical nonuniformity in the stratification profile can significantly modify the assumed wave dynamics. Linear scattering, wave–wave interactions, and solitary-like internal wave generation in idealized nonuniform stratification profiles are discussed. The nonuniform features in oceanic vertical stratification profiles are characterized, followed by a discussion of the validity of the slowly varying stratification assumption for such profiles. A concerted effort is made to synthesize research in both fluid dynamics and oceanography.
摘要（中文）
由风和潮汐产生的内波在海洋中无处不在。其耗散和由此产生的垂直混合在决定海洋环流、层化和能量学方面发挥重要作用。海洋模型通常对许多或全部这些效应进行参数化。当前一代的参数化通常依赖于均匀或缓慢变化层化剖面的假设。本文综述了日益增多的理论、模拟和观测证据，表明层化剖面中的垂直非均匀性可以显著改变假设的波动力学。讨论了理想化非均匀层化剖面中的线性散射、波-波相互作用以及类孤立内波的生成。文章表征了海洋垂直层化剖面中的非均匀特征，随后讨论了缓慢变化层化假设对这些剖面的有效性。我们致力于综合流体力学和海洋学两方面的研究。
17. Fluid Mechanics Challenges in Direct-Ink-Writing Additive Manufacturing / 直写式增材制造中的流体力学挑战
Authors / 作者: Alban Sauret¹, Tyler R. Ray², Brett G. Compton³
Affiliations / 单位:
- ¹ Department of Mechanical Engineering; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA（美国马里兰州大学帕克，马里兰大学，机械工程系；化学与生物分子工程系）
- ² Department of Mechanical Engineering; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA（美国夏威夷州檀香山，夏威夷大学马诺阿分校，机械工程系；约翰·A·伯恩斯医学院细胞与分子生物学系）
- ³ Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA（美国田纳西州诺克斯维尔，田纳西大学，机械与航空航天工程系；材料科学与工程系）
Pages / 页码: Vol. 58, pp. 413–442
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-fluid-100224-111013
Abstract
Direct-ink writing (DIW) has rapidly become a versatile 3D fabrication method due to its ability to deposit a wide range of complex fluids into customizable 3D geometries. This review highlights key fundamental fluid mechanics and soft matter challenges across the different stages of the DIW printing process. The rheology of fluids and suspensions governs the flow behavior through narrow nozzles, posing questions about extrudability, confined flow dynamics, and clogging mechanisms. Downstream, the formation and deposition of extruded filaments involve extensional flows and potential instabilities, while postdeposition dynamics introduces complexities related to yield stress and structural stability. These stages are inherently interdependent, as optimizing material composition without considering filament stability risks compromising the final structure. As DIW applications expand through advanced ink formulations, developing fundamental fluid mechanics frameworks is essential to replace trial-and-error approaches with predictive design methodologies to enable more precise control and improved reliability of the printing process.
摘要（中文）
直写式打印（DIW）因其能够将各种复杂流体沉积为可定制的三维几何形状，已迅速成为一种通用的三维制造方法。本综述突出了DIW打印过程不同阶段中的关键基础流体力学和软物质挑战。流体和悬浮液的流变学决定了通过窄喷嘴的流动行为，对可挤出性、受限流动动力学和堵塞机制提出了问题。在下游，挤出长丝的形成和沉积涉及拉伸流动和潜在不稳定性，而沉积后动力学引入了与屈服应力和结构稳定性相关的复杂性。这些阶段本质上相互依赖，在不考虑长丝稳定性的情况下优化材料成分可能危及最终结构。随着DIW应用通过先进的墨水配方而扩展，开发基础流体力学框架对于用预测性设计方法替代试错法、实现更精确的控制和更高的打印过程可靠性至关重要。
18. Fluid Deformation and Mixing in Porous Media as Drivers for Chemical and Biological Processes / 多孔介质中的流体变形与混合作为化学和生物过程的驱动力
Authors / 作者: Tanguy Le Borgne¹,², Joris Heyman¹
Affiliations / 单位:
- ¹ Géosciences Rennes, UMR 6118 CNRS, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France（法国雷恩，雷恩大学，法国国家科学研究中心，雷恩地球科学研究所）
- ² Njord Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway（挪威奥斯陆，奥斯陆大学，Njord中心）
Pages / 页码: Vol. 58, pp. 443–471
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-fluid-112723-051940
Abstract
Porous media flows are generally viewed as inefficient mixers, where solutes may be dispersed yet poorly mixed, making mixing a critical limiting factor for a wide range of processes. The complexity and opacity of porous structures have long made these dynamics difficult to observe. With emerging experimental techniques, concepts and models of mixing in porous media are rapidly evolving. Recent advances link mixing dynamics to fluid deformation arising in flow through porous materials. Unlike diffusion and dispersion, which only dissipate chemical gradients, fluid shear and stretching amplify and sustain them. This review explores the role of fluid deformation in governing mixing, chemical reactions, and biological processes in porous media. We begin by highlighting key experimental observations that have improved our understanding of mixing in these systems. We then examine the fundamental concepts, models, and open questions surrounding fluid deformation and mixing in porous media, emphasizing their dependence on material structure, heterogeneity, dimensionality, and transient flow phenomena, as well as their interaction with chemical and biological processes.
摘要（中文）
多孔介质流动通常被视为低效混合器，溶质可以被弥散但难以充分混合，使混合成为多种过程的关键限制因素。多孔结构的复杂性和不透明性长期以来使这些动力学难以观测。随着新兴实验技术的出现，多孔介质中混合的概念和模型正在快速发展。近期进展将混合动力学与多孔材料流动中产生的流体变形联系起来。与仅耗散化学梯度的扩散和弥散不同，流体剪切和拉伸会放大并维持化学梯度。本综述探讨了流体变形在控制多孔介质中混合、化学反应和生物过程中的作用。我们首先突出了增进我们对此类系统混合理解的关键实验观测。然后，我们考察了多孔介质中流体变形和混合的基本概念、模型和开放问题，强调了它们对材料结构、非均匀性、维度和瞬态流动现象的依赖性，以及它们与化学和生物过程的相互作用。
19. The Role of Canopy Turbulence in Wildland Fire Behavior / 林冠湍流在野火行为中的作用
Authors / 作者: Tirtha Banerjee¹
Affiliations / 单位:
- ¹ Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, California, USA（美国加利福尼亚州尔湾，加利福尼亚大学尔湾分校，土木与环境工程系；地球系统科学系）
Pages / 页码: Vol. 58, pp. 473–502
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-fluid-112723-062216
Abstract
Characterizing the physical and dynamic meteorology of wildland fires has obvious socioeconomic importance and is necessary to develop not only firefighting but also mitigation strategies such as prescribed burns and effective fuel management practices such as forest thinning. However, despite significant progress over a century, there are shortcomings in our understanding of the physical processes governing wildland fire behavior. Although some research progress has been made in understanding how fires spread on grasslands, several aspects of fire behavior within the forest canopy environment are still not well-understood. This review is an attempt to organize the fluid mechanics of the mass, momentum, and energy transfer during wildland fire events through the lens of vegetation canopy turbulence. The structure, organization, and progress of the flame front and the buoyant plume through the canopy are shown to be intricately related to the coherent structures associated with fire–vegetation–atmosphere interaction, and potential future research directions are identified.
摘要（中文）
表征野火的物理和动力学气象学具有明显的社会经济重要性，不仅对制定消防策略，而且对制定规定的燃烧和有效的燃料管理实践（如森林疏伐）等缓解策略都是必要的。然而，尽管在一个世纪以来取得了重大进展，我们对控制野火行为的物理过程的理解仍存在不足。虽然在理解草地火灾蔓延方面取得了一些研究进展，但林冠环境内火灾行为的若干方面仍不甚清楚。本综述试图通过植被林冠湍流的视角来组织野火事件中质量、动量和能量传递的流体力学。火焰前锋和浮力羽流在林冠中的结构、组织和推进被证明与火-植被-大气相互作用相关的相干结构密切相关，并指出了未来可能的研究方向。
20. Fluid Mechanics for Green Buildings / 绿色建筑的流体力学
Authors / 作者: Andrew W. Woods¹
Affiliations / 单位:
- ¹ Institute for Energy and Environmental Flows, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom（英国剑桥，剑桥大学，能源与环境流动研究所）
Pages / 页码: Vol. 58, pp. 503–524
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-fluid-112723-053105
Abstract
Decarbonization of buildings is one of the main challenges for the energy transition. In particular, the provision of heating, cooling, and ventilation to maintain a comfortable and healthy interior environment can be very energy intensive. Three approaches to help with the decarbonization of buildings are (a) upgrading the building envelope, especially the insulation, to reduce heat flow to or from the exterior; (b) improving the efficiency of the heating or cooling system, including the design and operation of ventilation flows; and (c) decarbonization of the heating and cooling systems, typically through electrification using heat pumps, and possibly the development of heat networks and interseasonal heat storage. This review touches on different elements of these challenges, mainly those related to ventilation, exploring some of the complexities of the fluid mechanics involved.
摘要（中文）
建筑脱碳是能源转型的主要挑战之一。特别是，为维持舒适和健康的室内环境而提供的供暖、制冷和通风可能非常耗能。帮助建筑脱碳的三种方法是：升级建筑围护结构，特别是隔热层，以减少与外界的热流；提高供暖或制冷系统的效率，包括通风流动的设计和运行；通过使用热泵电气化以及可能开发热网和跨季节储热来实现供暖和制冷系统的脱碳。本综述涉及这些挑战的不同方面，主要与通风相关，探讨了所涉流体力学的一些复杂性。
文档整理日期：2026年9月13日
数据来源：Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Volume 58, 2026, Published January 2026